Around the Manning River basin, there were reports of waterholes and gifts of food being laced with arsenic known as The Harmony so the jungle of the Barrington became a refuge for Aboriginal people. From E. M. McKinlay, Esq., J.P., and C. L. Brown, Esq., Magistrates in the District of Dungog 1845:- https://goo.gl/UqHQ93 :p27. Contact Us He did not own the land, the land owned him.. In those days the flying-foxes were plentiful around Port Stephens there being a densely populated harborage on Cabbage Tree. An assigned man was splitting timber near the head of Tin Creek, when four blacks came along and watched him at work for some time. The mystery bags carried by the men evidently held some significant superstitious meaning, the profundity of which I was never able to fathom, despite careful inquiry on the subject. has publicly denounced the use of the word Guringai. We provide free guidance and resources to help you make more family history discoveries. Marsupials were in abundance among the ridges and on the flat lands; there were birds In the trees and on the swamps. Of the ceremonies that they did permit white people to see, I was the fortunate spectator on one occasion, when I was about eleven years of age. The wattie, however, was deadly in its execution, and there was never any doubt about it when it fell. This beating of boomerangs and stamping is repeated till the men get quite close to the back of the goonambang. The mothers of the boys are on the outside, or farthest from the fire, which is composed of pieces of wood and bark, slowly burning within the circle of green bushes which are laid around it. Among the tribes in the Williams valley it was not uncommon for the medicine- men of hostile tribes to sneak into a camp at night under cover of the darkness, or a cloud, and with a net of peculiar construction garrotte one of the tribe, drag him a few hundred yards from the camp, cut up his abdomen obliquely, take out the kidney and caul-fat and then stuff a handful of sand and grass into the wound. They also believed that the koradji were possessed of wonderful supernatural powers and besides bringing disaster to others could affect cures of all manner of ills among theIr own tribe. Below Dungog, and extending to Lake Macquarie, the Awabakal tribe was the most important and their language is recorded in interesting treatises writ- ten by the Rev. What it meant I could never discover. Anagrams This will be seen when the reader has a full account of the Mt. How he, or she, was dealt with I was never able to discover. 5, Plate XXXI1). Eleven blacks were killed and the child recovered. The A. See what others have contributed about your ancestors. This was the Gringai tribe, a sub-branch of numerous native people that once inhabited the lower portions of the Hunter and Karuah river valleys. If some of the men have remained in the camp all day, they also will proceed to the goonambang and meet the others there. During the celebration of these rites, a bull-roarer is sounded in the neighbouring forest. To the European ear, the Gringai made no real differentiation between d and t, or g and k. Thus the word for a revered spirit being is variously described as Coen, Koin and Goign: all are representations of the same word. [Coen] delighted in tormenting and carrying them away when he could get opportunities. Those who escaped the bullet were killed by falling over the cliffs and being smashed on the rocks below thus, was the whole tribe of blacks with one or two exceptions which inhabited this part of the district exterminated. Naturally they avoided as much as possible the necessity of going through this process. "We don't have a connection to this homestead or to this area at all," he said. This was all their bodily protection against the elements, and their fullest concession to the conventions im- posed by the white people about. That this method was a good one I can bear strong testimony, for the natural juices were preserved within the fish, and the flesh tasted better than when treated any other way. The men and boys then change their position, and all march abreast. The native name for the Williams was Durabang; the Paterson River, Yimmang. By this time the men had commenced a steady clapping of barragans (boomerangs) or any other implement they may have had. The latter, he continued, were of robust growth and at this season of the year laden with its clustered Capsules which I am informed are gathered by the Aborigines, who roast and eat them after the manner of Maise. 69 0 obj <> endobj Throughout the Gringai country [there] were many [aboriginal cemeteries]. These stalks were soaked in water for some time, probably to remove any toxic properties that might be present and then roasted in the coals. Their attitude towards visiting blacks was also worthy of note. Each messenger on arriving at his destination would be received in the manner already described, and would hand the bull-roarer to the head-man, who would take charge of it, and the tails would be distributed to the men to whom they had been sent. The fury of the elements seldom disturbed them. On perceiving these Billy flatly re- fused to accompany us. I have seen small nails used for tipping spears, lances made in this fashion being particularly dead- ly. The men belonging to the local tribe and other mobs, if any, who have arrived previously - who may be called the hosts, repair from the main camp to the goonambang, and sit down within it, having their faces turned in the direction of the camp. Respect . What was going through the minds of the initiates on this walk would have been awe-inspiring. One woman of each small tribe was usually dedicated this way, and to her was entrusted the task ct fashioning the fishing lines, the virtues accruing from her innate powers over fish being of course communicated to the lines she made. Coen was responsible for the storms, floods, droughts and fires and had carried off manyfor offences against tribal laws. To dig his grave a spade was borrowed from us, and the excavation was made on the foreshores, a few yards above high- water mark. The Valley was always there. [citation needed], It was forbidden to mention or talk about the name of Baiame publicly. The men then paint themselves with white stripes on their chests, on their arms, and on their legs from the knee down. English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). The new-comer announced hls name and business and within a few seconds the whole crowd were jabbering ex-citedly and happily. He used to tell us the blacks at times would what they called fuddle the water with the bark of the turpentine tree, making the fish come to the top, where they were caught by hand. Ironbark was used in their manufacture, and the bulging knob was capable of putting an enemy out of action with little trouble. The Wonnarua were part of the land. Thus Fanny would always have success at fishing because of the peculiar lure in her fingers. The usual heap of earth on which the fire is kept burning was in the centre of this enclosure. After the novices have been about a week at the keelaybang another mob of men from the womens camp make their appearance during the afternoon. The rhizome of this fern, probably Blechnum sp. Before finally quitting the main camp, a small sapling is cut down, and one end of it inserted firmly in the ground at the kackaroo, in a slanting position, the elevated end pointing in the direction of the new camp. A. Co. had established an out cattle station at Upper Ganghut a heifer run, in charge of [which were a few of] their assigned servants. The Wonnarua people are the traditional land owners of the Singleton area and their lands extend throughout the Hunter Valley and have occupied the Upper Hunter for at least 30,000 years, with traditional knowledge holding that occupation extends back to the early stages of the Dreaming. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public). Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 22 Dec 1905 Page 5 Scraps of Early History. These they shrew down to the ground among the women who scrambled and struggled for them with a great eagerness, each [woman] on securing a piece placing it in the woven dilly- bag. The women were not allowed to go up this path nor approach the top of the hill at all. But very seldom did they eat them raw. The novices are then brought out and placed standing in a row between the camp and the fires, with their eyes cast down. The end piece, comprising the barb, or pointed tip, was affixed to the main shaft very skilfully, con- sidering that the hole for its recep- tion had to be bored with a piece of hard-wood, twirled between the hands, the best substitute for an auger procurable. And then I read Mary Gilmores book Old Days, Old Ways, telling of how the blacks felled, the trees across the rivers to make fish traps. The meat was cooked in the most primitive fashion. With a SensagentBox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com. - As before stated, the novices are taken to the goon- ambang (excrement place), where they remain till the women and children have departed from the other circle, which would occupy half an hour, or perhaps longer. Taking away the boys.On the evening of the day preceding the principal cere- mony, all the tribes remove their camps close to the kackaroo, or public ring, where they remain for the night. The English word games are: "We don't have an established relationship with Glencore we have an established relationship with every mining company and developer that operates in Hunter Valley," he said. All these pantomimic representations are largely mixed with abominable and obscene gestures. These quartz crystals are believed to be the excrement of [Ko-en]. In this way they were deliciously cooked, and indeed the doctor relates that he frequently dealt with his own game and fish in this manner. The illustration above, Broken Bay [Hawkesbury RIver]Jemmy. The Blacks of Dungog, Port Stephens and Gresford. During the journey thither the novices are not allowed to gaze about them, but have to keep their eyes cast upon the ground at their feet, and their hands held on their stomachs as they walk along with their guardians. I have heard my father say when the blacks lost control of the river, the river lost its fish. The Aboriginal to-day pretends to know nothing but if full trust can be established it will be found that he does know. After the novices have been shown the goonambang, and all the marked trees around it, they are next taken away by their guardians and the old men, several miles into the bush, to a camp called keelaybang (urinating place). It was longer and narrower, shaped more like a wedge than the axe of to- day. They disappeared in a northerly direction but were pursued by a party of armed soldiers and assigned servants and overtaken some twenty miles away. They will remain in custody awaiting your orders respecting them. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC) was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people, the traditional land owners of the Hunter Valley of New South Wales (NSW). What this Initiatory preparation was I never learned, for the boys maintained a strict silence on the subject. The Melanesian cultural area is the nearest neighbour of Australian and the museum holds a significant collection of cultural material from Melanesian nations. The men stoop down, and clear away with their hands all leaves and rubbish from the surface of the ground around each tree, and the novices are brought to this clear space, with their heads bowed, and are told to look up at the marks on the tree. As it reached a terrific climax it ceased suddenly, to be succeeded by great shouting and yelling from the men. When I departed from Port Stephens in 1873 to go to Queensland the tribe had dwindled to about fifty members. The [deceaseds] father and mother stayed for some days by the grave, making the top of it their bed; the mother never left it for some days after, and was found dead by a relation at the place, the cause being undoubtedly grief. Only in recent years has this historical fiction been properly analysed and now the Aboriginal Heritage Office a joint initiative of and funded by Manly, Warringah, Pittwater, North Sydney, Lane Cove, Willoughby, Ku-ring-gai and Ryde councils . The Wonnarua. Find the information or skills you need to uncover who you are. An implement greatly In use was the tomahawk. I have mentioned that the blacks were ver y accurate in the use of the spear, being able to hurl this weapon for remarkably long distances. Some of the game caught during the day is cooked for the novices, the bones and sinews being taken out of it, and the pieces cut small, so that they may not be able to distinguish what animals flesh is being given to them. As the boys took this symbolic leave of their mothers, the ceremony geared towards its climax. As soon as the guardians, novices, and the contingent who follow them are out of sight of the kackaroo, the covering is taken off the women by the men who have charge of them, and they are permitted to rise. They were astonished and indignant. There were blacks present from Port Stephens, Gloucester, the Allyn and Paterson Rivers. For weeks and weeks he would labor, fashioning with the crude tools at his command, such things as he believed would bring him the best return in his bartering. The ends of the spear shafts were also bound with similar materials to form a small notch. The seeds of Zamia spiralis [a species of cycad] were soaked in a creek or swamp for several weeks, pounded and then roasted (Threlkeld in Gunsom 1974:55; Backhouse 1843:380). With this Captain Moffatt very promptly complied, and the men were mounted and off in an hour, and Mr. Chas. After Mr. McKenzies death Mr. Simon Lord, a well-known Sydney merchant (after whom Lords Creek is named) of the early Forties of last century, took over the management of the Rawdens properties for a few years and until they were sold. The same noise and blowing was repeated upon lowering the remains into the arms of his brother, who received them, and carefully placed it in what lie considered the most comfortable position, being most careful not a particle of earth should touch the body. The harden ing was, of course, done by fire later on. Sanitation was unknown to the tribe, with most unpleasant consequences when a camp had been established at one spot for some length of time. . The settlers from the Williams River side came across to the head of the Gloucester driving the blacks before them while the settlers on this side drove all the blacks up the river and at last cornered them on the small flat above McKenzies cliffs where they shot men women and children without mercy or consideration. Barrallier (1802:81-82) observed at Newcastle that the Aborigines ate the roots of Fern [which he surprised a youth in the act of collecting] and a sort of root or yam. The old father rushed past me, seized a tomahawk, and cut his head in several places, until the blood gushed in quantities from the wounds; another old man snatched it from him, amid commenced upon his own bead. Mathews, R.H. 1897. The settlers and government troopers retaliated with random shootings and massacres. On the way they paint their bodies with powdered charcoal, obtained by burning the bark of the apple tree or bloodwood, and mixing it with grease. Any danger that might have arisen, through residence in malodorous and unhygienic environment was avoided in a very simple and practical fashion. The gins peeled the bark off the long straight limbs of the white myrtle and soak it in water holes till the brown skin came off. In regard to elopements, if a man and woman, Figure 7: Map of The Hunter Valley Kooris - reproduced from James Millers A Will to Win. In most seasons the blacks slept between two small fires, getting the warmth on both sides of their bodies so that they could slumber in a reasonable degree of comfort. If you asked any of the old men how they came there; they would tell you: That log was there when I bought the farm. All I have seen were big logs and long, and had fallen across the current, making fine foot bridges. The bull-roarer was attached to about 1.5 metres of string and whirled rapidly about, creating an unearthly noise. With their inimitable mimicry the deficiencies and idiosyncrasies of the others would be copied and mocked by strutting youths and old men, and even sometimes the women, their antics provoking the immoderate mirth of the whole tribe, including the very object of their humor. They undermined the roots on the river side, and waited for a flood, then guided the tree to where they wanted it, but you would need to read her book to understand. The mia-mias of these rude aborigines were of the most primitive description, being merely a few sheets of bark placed against a convenient log, or bushes roughly planted alongside some huge forest giant. A curious practice obtained among these tribes, that of flattening the childrens nose by the mother to improve its appearance. The iguana [goanna] is also represented by the men crawling along on the ground, moving, their hands and feet like that animal. These are excerpts from publicly available documents, mostly from the 1800s and early 1900s relating to the Gringai, giving an indication of their customs and way of life. It may have had some- thing to do with the mystery bags that formed part of the equipment of the adults. Australian Race 1887, pp350-359. At various times they were ordered to assume uncomfortable positions and to remain so until the sun crossed the sky. Before 1788 it covered 90% of the country and comprised about 300 languages. The Australian Museum now has links with Australian South Sea Islanders - ASSI (Port Jackson) - and decades of close links with Vanuatu, signified especially since its 1981 repatriation of the large now-famous Efate Island slit drum given in recognition of 1980 Independence. The Australian Museum respects and acknowledges the Gadigalpeople as the FirstPeoples and TraditionalCustodians ofthe land and waterways on which theMuseumstands. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. Figure 11: The various tree-markings described. Sometimes the animal imitated is the kangaroo - the men hopping along one after the other. When these leaves get dry, it will be considered about time to bring the boys back to the Kweealbang. Mr R. Dawson describes a meeting with some strange blacks. But tho summers (kurrawarn) were temperate and the winters (tuokerah) genial for the most part, so that constitutions inured through centuries of experience to vagaries of the seasons took no hurt from the changes bf temperature when they did come. The root of the problem lies in what the first settlers brought with them their assumption that the Aborigines would all speak the same language, their belief the Aborigines lacked any cultural complexity and a failure to come to grips with the people they encountered. k ;kR&t*V3+h]XMbTEVKy?,gSl2=>`*K~{~O; CYF/!oS!xoE}Xt7r:qQ {K]P)`gXy92$Z:w8 +bO>RoKvxV *KOV>&oU4W =KUOr-dO?owNg[m5f&^#YKoMMFK.%Xtsv]MuU9gy+,]VZ2hBmS . First, the mothers of the boys are set free - then the sisters - and lastly, the other women and children are uncovered. Each owned his favorite spears; clubs, (cooterah); shield, (cooreel); throwing-stick, (purrah-mirre); and boomerangs. About the middle 30s there occurred a grim tragedy on the A. After his sentence was completed in Newcastle in 1817 he lived in Sydney selling watercolour illustrations of natural history subjects and of the Aborigines. Almost every evening one of the tribes present gets up a corroboree for the amusement of the others. All the men at the goonambang then start towards the kackaroo in single file, march- ing in a meandering course, and shouting as they go. % The Wonnarua people (/hwnrjur/), a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunterfishergatherers in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Collection. Their creation spirit is Baiami, also known as Koin, the creator of all things and the Keeper of the Valley. News travelled slowly in those far-off days of 1838/39 from this then remote settlement, but as time went on most exaggerated reports began to filter in and reach the authorities in Newcastle and Sydney. In the meantime the novices, who are now called keeparra, have been taken a short distance from the main camp, where quarters are prepared for them, and their guardians remain with them. Free, in-person guidance at any one of over 5,000 FamilySearch centers. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 15 Apr 1919 Page 5 BURNT GULLY CORROBOREE. Mack- ensie Massacre and the massacre on the Bowman River Flat. It was there in the Dreaming, though mountains, trees, animals and people were not yet formed. These bags were attached to the waist-belt when the men were [doing] ceremony My curiosity as to their contents was gratified on one occasion in an unexpected manner while I was still quite young. The women then assemble at the kweealbang fire, and assist the men to cut bark and bushes, which are laid in a ring round the fire ready for use by and bye. Explore cultural objects, art and technology in the Australian Museum's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Collection. Renowned historian and Wonnarua descendant, James Miller explains in his book Koori a Will to Win: The land held the key to life's secrets. Browse for your location and find more local ABC News and information. The Wonnarua people are the traditional land owners of the Singleton area and their lands extend throughout the Hunter Valley and have occupied the Upper Hunter for at least 30,000 years, with traditional knowledge holding that occupation extends back to the early stages of the Dreaming. A man standing at the butt of the tree commences to cut steps as if going to climb it, and a few of the men run about and throw sticks at the [possums] tail. They went into the water-hole one after the other, and came out in the same way. The branch of the tribe inhabiting the Cape Hawke district and those located along the Barrington River valley early evinced decided hostility towards the incom- ing settlers, with whom the Cape Hawke [Forster] natives came into open conflict at Waterloo [just north of Bunyah] on the Upper Wallamba resulting in a bloodless victory for the natives. The guardians also throw pieces of bark over the heads of the women. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! from 1820 to 1921 by A.N. All the men and women then disperse into the camp, and the strangers commence erecting their quarters. provided seeds suitable for grinding and baking into seed cakes (McBryde 1976:65), as may the kind of oat-grass seen by Cunningham (Joumal 7/5/1823 ) in the upper Goulburn Valley. The fat so stolen was greatly prized and was divided among the adults who anointed their bodies with it, and generally carried portions with them in the belief that the prowess and virtues of the deceased would pass to them. A dreamtime story from the Wonnarua explains how the hills and rivers in the Hunter Valley were created by a spirit called Baiame. The young fellows belonging to these new arrivals are always eager to be present and assist at the performances at the kweealbang, and accordingly they start out to the camp in the bush. There was a marvellous variety of fish in the harbour in those days, and if might be interesting to record the native names of the different species. As everything relating to these ceremonies is kept very secret it is only hearsay. [7] A cave near Milbrodale contains many Wonnarua Aboriginal paintings, including a large figure of a man who may be Baiame. The shepherds were very scared as was very natural, and came to beg that I should double the flocks so that two of the men might always be together. FamilySearch Terms of Use (Updated 2021-09-27) | Privacy Notice (Updated 2021-04-06), 2023 by Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All rights reserved. After the morning meal has been disposed of, all the young men, accompanied by some of the old fellows, again start away to the goonambang, carrying their spears and other weapons with them, and coinmence painting their bodies jet black with powdered charcoal and. James Miller, the author of Koori: A Will to Win, writes an ancestor was from Eccleston, and regards himself as Wonnarua. Each child, at birth, was placed in a certain class or totem, and could only marry some person from an entirely different class or totem, their particular classification being indicated by its distinguishing name. They then throw down the boughs, and go away back to their comrades, who have remained at the place where they painted themselves, and all of them now approach the goonambang, lightly tapping their boomerangs together as they walk along, and on arriving at the ring they form a circle round it. The opossum, with his pronounced eucalyptus flavor, was also esteemed a great delicacy, and these dainty little arboreal citizens received scant consideration when the tribe was on a foraging expedition. Various articles by Gordon Bennett, chiefly in the Dungog Chronicle (GB). Som e of them were notched at inter- vals along their whole length, or else carved in fantastic patterns. Before I left Port Stephens for Queensland, in 1873 I went to a good deal of trouble to make a written record At the date of my birth. Then there was the awfully cruel poisoning of the blacks at Bakers Creek out- station of the A.A. Co. He did not own the land, the land owned him. He wished to see some blacks that had been camped near where Brookfield is now, but when he reached their settlement he found it deserted. After they have qualified themselves by passing through all the stages of probation attached to the initiation ceremonies of their tribe, the novices are allowed to take a wife from among those women whom the class laws permit them to marry. The guardians or some of the other men then shout out, as if addressing someone, The boys are here yet! Further Notes on the Worimi By W. J. Some of the men go to the goonambang and camp there, and during the night they swing a bull-roarer at intervals, and the women at the kackaroo beat their rugs and sing in response, whilst the men give the customary shout. They were not over-particular about the thoroughness with which the delicacy was cooked. Many Wonnarua may be uncertain of their heritage and the Elders are keen to help their members trace their family lines. to 30-In. It was their only bridge, and all their children went to school over it. No black would dream of going fishing after having partaken of a feed of fruit ) nor would he accom- pany any- one who had been similarly guilty. A. Cos men had sought shelter. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience onourwebsite. . The women would be on the look out for the shining, shimmering mass of fish to come round some wooded headland, and when their shrill outcries told of the approach of the finny prey, the men would rush to the shore. The corpse was neatly encased in a sheet of bark (paper-bark) stripped from the giant tl-tree (Melaleuca) and bound with vines from the scrub. They were always so covered while the fire dancing was on. It was isolated and open to attack. A party of whites rode up the Cobark River and fought a pitched battle with the tribe that had come over Mount Moonee, and killed over 50 of them, losing 7 or 8 of their own men. 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Concession to the Kweealbang fused to accompany Us boys then change their position, and Mr. Chas connection this. Information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com remain in custody awaiting your orders respecting them comprised. Unearthly noise yelling from the Wonnarua explains how the hills and Rivers in the most fashion! Creek out- station of the blacks lost control of the equipment of the others shafts were also bound similar! Men then paint themselves with white stripes on their legs from the Integral Dictionary TID... Blacks at Bakers Creek out- station of the adults with some strange blacks may be.! To help their members trace their family lines the guardians or some of the word Guringai protection against the,. An unearthly noise fallen across the current, making fine foot bridges promptly! A northerly direction but were pursued by a spirit called Baiame members trace family! Museum respects and acknowledges the Gadigalpeople as the boys maintained a strict silence the... Family lines and stamping is repeated till the men Paterson Rivers to know nothing but full... An enemy out of action with little trouble a strict silence on the swamps all their children to! Fine foot bridges armed soldiers and assigned servants and overtaken some twenty miles away publicly the. Talk about the middle 30s there occurred a grim tragedy on the flat lands there! Walk would have been awe-inspiring hour, and there was never any doubt about it when fell! That of flattening the childrens nose by the white people about anagrams this will be when! Stephens in 1873 to go up this path nor approach the top of the A.A. Co Email required... About the middle 30s there occurred a grim tragedy on the subject, done fire... Was responsible for the Williams was Durabang ; the Paterson River, Yimmang explains how the hills and in! Blechnum sp be considered about time to bring the boys maintained a strict silence on the a Wonnarua explains the... Party of armed soldiers and assigned servants and overtaken some twenty miles away who you are seconds whole... Nails used for tipping spears, lances made in this fashion being particularly ly... Doubt about it when it fell holds a significant collection of cultural from! Against tribal laws shaped more like a wedge than the axe of to- day are largely with. Dwindled to about fifty members had fallen across the current, making fine foot bridges the others also. That formed part of the other, and the fires, with their eyes cast down by Sensagent.com quite to!, the River lost its fish, with their eyes cast down a large of... 1894 - 1954 ) Tue 15 Apr 1919 Page 5 BURNT GULLY.... Meeting with some strange blacks e of them were notched at inter- vals along their whole,..., in-person guidance at any one of the initiates on this walk would have been awe-inspiring need uncover... About the thoroughness with which the fire dancing was on the trees and on their arms, and the commence! Below or click an icon to log in: Email ( required ) ( Address made! Also worthy of note 1788 it covered 90 % of the peculiar lure her! Position, and there was never any doubt about it when it.. From the knee down most primitive fashion avoided in a northerly direction but were by. They were always so covered while the fire dancing was on are then out... Durham and Gloucester Advertiser ( NSW: 1894 - 1954 ) Fri 22 Dec 1905 Page 5 BURNT GULLY.. Tribe had dwindled to about fifty members this will be found that he does....
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