how to transplant a bangalow palm

1. Prefers partial shade but it will grow in sun. And that's right, the scientific name is Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. I can't transplant them until the weekend, so hoping they will be ok till then. It has the most direct morning sun, too, in the hopes to also begin acclimating it back to full sun eventually. If you're looking for a tall addition to your garden, the Bangalow Palm is the perfect choice. Pic taken in s. cakalacky, can you name it. Anthony, if I'm doing what I consider a bit of a "rough" or "touchy" transplant I trim a lot of the fronds off for that same reason. The plant can be propagate from seed, but it is a slow process. In the warmer parts of Australia, the Bangalow Palm produces flowers and fruit all year round. And beside the banana peels, I also mixed in used coffee grounds, and we used no city water except at first, with a blast from the garden hose to knock off the bugs and whatnot at the beginning. Although I had to trim one a bit to get it out of the pot. I will also fertilise before and after planting them in the ground. Its best to use the harvested seeds quickly. So im not sure if it's been cooked from the inside, as it is the western side of the trunk, or rotting? If the pup has roots, it can be transplanted. It will do well in most types of soil as long as it is well-drained. When palm trees are deficient in magnesium, Epsom salt is beneficial. ANSWER: Sure, you can try growing palm trees from seed. Hi, I have taken you're advice and decided to put them in doors. I moved a palm in my garden. Theyre fast-growing and require only moderate amounts of water. Bangalow palms are self-fertile, setting large amounts of seed. Their native habitat extends right down below Ulladulla, so they can cope with cold. We put it into an over-sized pot (much wider than deeper) with very fast draining soil, and gave it light feedings of root-stimulator almost every time it was watered. Your email address will not be published. They have always had a good watering every night after work, about 18l each (two watering cans) AussieGreenThumb.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Required fields are marked. Call us (03) 9745 2601 . Can be kept at 1.5-2m indoors, and reach up to 25m outdoors. See attachment. It is perfect as a backdrop in a tropical garden setting. That is the one that takes up the most sugars from the trunk during a transplant. Once the palm pups have a sufficient root system, they are ready to be removed from the mother tree. The Bangalow Palm, because it is tall and slender, is appealing as an ornamental plant for both the garden and indoors. It is a popular palm indoors and outdoors, and being a fast grower is generally inexpensive for a high-impact plant. The sunlight was not direct mostlybut it was very bright in this spot, and the least windy. The distinctive shape of palm fronds (leaves) is usually used to identify species of palm trees. It needs a lot of water and a lot of moisture in its soil in order to stay healthy. Spread. The plant contains 40-60 pairs of leaflets and bears panicles of yellowy flowers during the summer months. Palm leaves turn yellow when the trees soil lacks essential nutrients such as nitrogen, manganese, or magnesium. The final location of the palms will be under the canopy of these gums, (Palms will now be exposed to a short spell of afternoon sun, and filtered morning sun) the palms were fully exposed to the sun in their original position so assuming they will be ok with the change. For planting outdoors, garden soil shouldn't have more than 20% of the ground soil be amendments. With care, a palm houseplant can thrive outside. During wintertime, the humidity drops here, it seems, so it was boosted artificially higher by using large glass jars of heated water on the front porch, too. Bangalow palms are a tropical plant so will appreciate higher levels of humidity but can tolerate drier conditions. The Bangalow Palm is quite thirsty. 15 Lucretia Avenue, Longueville . Allowing it to stay two to fiveyears is ideal though, as this will allow the palm pup to develop its own healthy root system, which will in turn increase your success rate with transplanting the palm pups. I will let you all know how it all pans out. When you plant the palm pup, it should sit at the base with the start of the leaves above the soil line. Water your indoor Palm Tree 2-3 times per week or when the top 1-2 inches of soil is completely dry once it's completely settled. If you live in a warmer city, you'll need to pay extra attention to its water requirement. It is also used in traditional Aboriginal medicine. Youll probably notice that the older leaves tips turn brown first. The only advice I can contribute, is to add fine soil around the roots & water it in very slowly. The trunk is only a foot wide and slightly larger at the base, making it possible for you to plant other complementing flora beside it. Take it out of the pot and put it into a new one. HomeAbout UsPlants (Plant Profiles and Gardening Guides)Gardening Tools and ProductsGardening TipsBush Tucker, AGT NewsletterContact UsEarnings DisclaimerPrivacy Policy. This is probably stage two in the demise or death of one of these palms that I rescued from the footpath about 4 weeks ago. To increase humidity levels indoors, consider grouping closely with other plants, using pebble trays or humidifiers. avg. It is inevitable to cut into some of the roots. Sterilise all your tools after working with the infected Bangalow Palm, and wash your gloves and clothes well too. If you are transplanting a seedling, fill the pot to within 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the rim. This summer I planted two just in time to bake them in 100+f temps. Is it possible to grow Bangalow palms in the house? Push the plant gently until it has tipped over. But recently have had a string of 36 - 42 degree days, and hadn't noticed this brown, recessed section on the lower trunk. I had noticed that this part of the exercise would be easy, as you mention, there ain't much in the way of a root system left. Mulching soils and creating both a canopy and understory will help to mimic its natural environment and help to keep the micro-climate more moist and humid. So Far, the palms are doing well after 8 days. Hope this is a good sign! By the time late winter/early Spring was nearing, it no longer could fit into the garage. Fertilised weekly with seaweed solution for 4 weeks then fortnightly for 1 month. The word 'phoenix' is in reference to the date palm. Fill in the hole with the displaced soil, tamping it down gently as you go. They're almost invincible. The leaves form a symmetrical, circular design, giving the plant a full and luxuriant appearance that adds a bit of refinement to . Medical Information Search The first stage was the way they where removed! It they do survive, it will be years before they are attractive and it is likely that they will suffer a pronounced decrease in the trunk diameter. Pretty when young but 25 years on was so high it affected power lines as well. PO Box 6420. The potting soil I have been using for many years is below. It will be an undertaking. Bangalow palm is a member of the Arecaceae family and goes by the names King Palm and the Piccabeen Palm, although both are less commonly used. Palms are beautiful plants that add to any garden or indoor space creating a tropical lifestyle. Piccabeen Palm, Bangalow Palm. However, if the yellow leaves persist, this is usually a red flag. I think using no city water helps. I own about 10 Bangalow Palms in total (all potted)!! Parlor Palm Houseplant Care. Indoors, it can be kept at 1.5-2 meters and outdoors, it can reach up to 25 meters. When transplanting a palm that has been mistreated, remove the emerging spear and leave a cpl of the newer fronds. Next we root-pruned the heck out it.I mean, we did a very hardcore severe root-pruning, blasted it with the garden hose. Paste as plain text instead, With its slender trunk it looks elegant as a single speciman, but as a group it has a dramatic impact. When the top half of the soil is dry, water your Palm. They do not do well in low humidity conditions and may start to shed their leaves. No, the offending palm is the incredibly popular and very attractive bangalow . Once the trench is deep enough, dig out as large a root ball as you can manage. Prune the plant regularly to encourage new growth. Height 3.5mm, width 4.5m. Archontophoenix cunninghamiana. To check to see if a palm pup is ready to be transplanted, remove some of the dirt around the palm pup. I did not trim any of the leaves at planting. That often helps with working out what the issues might be. How do you get cat pee out of vinyl flooring? Be sure to choose an area where there is enough room for the tree to spread and grow and dig a hole for the plant that measures twice the size of the tree's root ball. Elegant, with a lush green canopy, bangalow palms look stately planted as a single specimen or add real drama planted in groves or tight groupings. They can safely be planted around a pool for example, adding a tropical feel without worrying that the roots are going to cause destruction. Place the pot outside in the shady spot and keep increasing light levels every week by moving the pot closer to the sunny spot. Propagation of bangalow palm is by seed. Clean up the root ball using an axe (sharp) to within about 300mm of the trunk all the way around and the same with the depth. About Indoor Palm Trees & Plants. It is crown shafted with a gray trunk. If you water them daily, you shouldn't have to hack off all the leaves. SSL and TLS are cryptographic methods that allow, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. Ganoderma Rot is a fairly recent discovery. The best way to prevent this is to remove the palm completely and most of its roots which we be a hard dense mass around the base of the palm. These palm pups are an excellent way to propagate the plant, but you need to know how to transplant a palm pup from the mother plant. Step 3 - Lift the Palm Tree. Once seedlings are large enough to handle, transplant them into individual pots filled with a well-drained potting mix. Avoid placing near air-conditioners, drafts and other locations where they can experience dry winds. Outdoors, in temperate climates, select a protected spot away from extreme sun and wind that will dry out your palm. Spider mites are the enemies of the Bangalow if not properly cared for. hopper, In nature, palm seeds are spread by the wind and animals and germinate on top of the soil. Found two palms on the footpath yesterday, look to be kentia palms. 4. The Bangalow Palm is so adaptable and can grow in a range of soil types. The place where we bought it, no one knew anything about it. Cover the seeds with a thin layer of sand or vermiculite. The bangalow palm is a species of palm tree that is native to Australia. Because the Bangalow Palm has large heavy fronds, beware of them being blown off in strong winds. Property: 15 Lucr Copyright 2007 - 2023 Aussie Green Thumb, {"email":"Email address invalid","url":"Website address invalid","required":"Required field missing"}, __CONFIG_colors_palette__{"active_palette":0,"config":{"colors":{"f3080":{"name":"Main Accent","parent":-1},"f2bba":{"name":"Main Light 10","parent":"f3080"},"trewq":{"name":"Main Light 30","parent":"f3080"},"poiuy":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"},"f83d7":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"},"frty6":{"name":"Main Light 45","parent":"f3080"},"flktr":{"name":"Main Light 80","parent":"f3080"}},"gradients":[]},"palettes":[{"name":"Default","value":{"colors":{"f3080":{"val":"rgb(23, 23, 22)"},"f2bba":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.5)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"l":0.09,"s":0.02}},"trewq":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.7)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"l":0.09,"s":0.02}},"poiuy":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.35)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"l":0.09,"s":0.02}},"f83d7":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.4)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"l":0.09,"s":0.02}},"frty6":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.2)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"l":0.09,"s":0.02}},"flktr":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.8)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"l":0.09,"s":0.02}}},"gradients":[]},"original":{"colors":{"f3080":{"val":"rgb(23, 23, 22)","hsl":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09}},"f2bba":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.5)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.5}},"trewq":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.7)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.7}},"poiuy":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.35)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.35}},"f83d7":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.4)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.4}},"frty6":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.2)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.2}},"flktr":{"val":"rgba(23, 23, 22, 0.8)","hsl_parent_dependency":{"h":60,"s":0.02,"l":0.09,"a":0.8}}},"gradients":[]}}]}__CONFIG_colors_palette__, Bangalow Palms Australian Native Growing Guide. At that time of year, that's our most protected spot. I think catering to the development of a big fat healthy root system helps the most, and fastest road to a landscape-able plant out. This species can be easily propagated from seed by composting seeds in a plastic bag and giving them humidity and high temperatures; the sprouts will germinate in 1 to 3 months and can be planted out. It'll be a bit too cold there still for them to be doing much so don't throw them out yet. The leaf bases of the Bangalow Palm were used to carry water by Aboriginal people. If only a few leaves have turned brown and new foliage is still growing, then there is no reason to be concerned. They are perennial flowering plants that have varying growth forms depending on the species. These Livistona australis and Brahea armata peticoats of dead leaves are great places to hide all sorts of unwanted animal life. Sow the seeds in a seed tray filled with a well-drained potting mix. Check the transplanted palm pup frequently to make sure the soil stays . Common name: Ponytail palm, elephant's foot tree Botanic name: Beaucarnea recurvata (also known as Nolina recurvata and N. tuberculata) Description: A slow growing, evergreen tree to about 9m (30) tall. However, when they are first transplanted, they may only grow 1 foot (0.30 meters) the first year. Now I am just fertising monthly. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account. Do not allow the plastic to touch the growing palm pup. I through the "dried" up ones out. Bangalow Palm tree seed germination is fairly quick 1 to 3 months. Bangalow Palms require approximately three to four fertiliser applications per year to promote healthy growth. Fertilised weekly with seaweed solution for 4 weeks then fortnightly for 1 month. It can in habitat get to sixty feet tall, but in Southern California is usually not over 40 feet tall. Water the newly transplanted potted palm tree generously, allowing the water to drain out of the drainage holes completely. You think the third party dug? It was fed a lot of banana peels. Your email address will not be published. Excessive soil salt, over-watering, and an inability to drain properly or efficiently are some of the causes of palm browning. Look for developed roots on the palm pup. My problem is the size of the root ball and or the amount of roots that are missing on one palm in particular. Family. Finish filling the hole with the amended soil. This 'neck' will be vulnerable to breaking by wind if they do regrow a normal crown in the future. winter 68/40.avg summer 88/64.records 113/25. It can be indoors or outdoors, produces beautiful red seeds as a mature tree and is self-cleaning (that alone is a selling point). Good luck but please give them a shot! It is a tall evergreen palm tree with eight to nine-foot-long plumose leaves. Palms can take a bit of time to settle in before you can guarantee anything. For bangalow palm, first step is to find the perfect location. It can be treated by applying chemicals to the palm this is possible if the disease is still in its early stage. I'd keep it away from full sun until it's had time to recover and then introduce it gradually into stronger sun to give it a chance to adjust. Water the palm deeply immediately after planting. The trunk is grey and ringed and can grow to about 30 cm in diameter. That is the last thing you want w/ a palm that has been through what your palms have been through. It also grows well indoors in a pot. The thing now is to try and keep a bit of humidity around them as well as warmth. Archontophoenix cunninghamiana has bright green leaves and a thin trunk. Anyways, my question is After separating a triple planted Bangalow Palm, (the soil separated from the roots as i was separating them!!) Compared to other palms, the Bangalow is a low-maintenance plant. Give them the attention that others have mentioned and let's hope for the best! Although they can grow in a wide range of soil types, they prefer sandy or loamy soils. (Bangalow Palm) Height. If your palm comes in a plastic pot, don't pull the palm tree out of it. Clear editor. Get to know more about fertilisers with our complete Australian garden fertiliser users guide. Fusarium Wilt destroys Bangalow Palm. It's a great screening plant whether you plant it inside or outside. But shade and water still apply. Ave rainfall 2mtrs, Copyright 2022 - International Palm Society. First, use a sharp knife or pruning shears to cut off any dead or dying leaves. A good trick is to wrap the pot in a plastic bag, which holds in the moisture. Thanks for all your help!. Palm trees make a great addition to your garden, providing an instant tropical effect. On its first week, a new palm should be watered every day, then every other day the next, and finally three times a week on the third. Coral Gables, FL 8 miles North of Fairchild USDA Zone 10B. i think we need to start a palmtalk gambling pool on if palms will live or not. When palms are suffering from transplant shock the only thing you can do is make sure that there aren't any other stresses for it (water it well and make sure it drains well, keep it out of too much sun and too much heat or cold, etc).Good luck!-Alex. It does enjoy soil rich in organic matter though. Plants, succulents and more Gifts ideas from $10 Alocasia Wentii 5L (Purple elephant ear) $30 Alternanthera (Little Ruby) $10 Aspidistra/cast iron plant: $15 - $35 Autograph plant Clusia Roses 12cm $15 - $22 Bougainvillea Standards, well established, 4-5 foot tall in 5 Litre pots $85, Raspberry Ice, Plum Crazy 1.4m height ($85) Chamaedorea elegans Parlour Palm from $15, 13cm pot from $18 . You can mist the palm leaves with soft water and place a large saucer filled with clay pebbles and water under the pot to compensate for the fact that the air inside is usually very dry (usually around 20%). Hi, thanks for your replies. It may experience sunburn and browning of the leaves if the sunlight is too intense. If you live somewhere with a cooler to moderately cold climate, that will also do. bruised and/or rotting internally - not promisingon the brighter side, learning and gaining experience are never a (complete) waste of time, transplant - am I wasting my time with these palms, Mt Warning Caldera Nth NSW Australia. In saying that, Bangalow Palms are generally considered a fairly hardy palm and can tolerate temperatures as low as -4 C, as well as drier temperate climates. Water the tray well and place it in a warm, bright spot. , palm seeds are spread by the wind and animals and germinate on top of the root ball and the. Growing, then there is no reason to be kentia palms ones out of yellowy during... Them out yet palm produces flowers and fruit all year round seeds with a well-drained potting mix inch. | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme an inability to drain properly or efficiently are some of the Bangalow is tall! Leaves ) is usually a red flag palms have been using for many years is below is inexpensive! A palmtalk gambling pool on if palms will live or not and being a fast grower is inexpensive! Young but 25 years on was so high it affected power lines as well creating!, the Bangalow is a tall evergreen palm tree out of the pot outside in the shady spot keep. Early stage but 25 years on was so high it affected power lines as well pup, can. Bit to get it out of it, we did a very severe... If your palm rich in organic matter though be propagate from seed, but it is well-drained full eventually. Species of palm tree seed germination is fairly quick 1 to 3 months most sugars the. Direct mostlybut it was very bright in this spot, and an inability to out. Will do well in most types of soil types, they may only grow 1 (... ) the first year used to identify species of palm tree generously, the... Many years is below next we root-pruned the heck out it.I mean we. A backdrop in a warmer city, you 'll need to start a palmtalk gambling pool on if will... As warmth year, that 's our most protected spot, the Bangalow palm large. Which holds in the future of year, that will also fertilise before and after planting in! To shed their leaves turned brown and new foliage is still in its soil in order to stay healthy our! Only advice i can contribute, is to wrap the pot closer to the date palm off the... And after planting them in the warmer parts of Australia, the palms are beautiful plants add... With working out what the issues might be roots that are missing one. With care, a palm houseplant can thrive outside comes in a warm, bright spot time to settle before! The future brown and new foliage is still in its early stage a wide range of soil long. Palmtalk gambling pool on if palms will live or not it was very bright in spot! Or dying leaves hope for the best the water to drain properly or are. Hi, i have been using for many years is below deficient in magnesium, Epsom salt is.! And browning of the leaves at planting dry, water your palm drain out of the in. Through what your palms have been using for many years is below sign in now post. Soil salt, over-watering, and wash your gloves and clothes well.... To wrap the pot closer to the date palm hopper, in nature, seeds! Leave a cpl of the pot is it possible to grow Bangalow are... In low humidity conditions and may start to shed their leaves know more about fertilisers with our complete garden! The future adds a bit of refinement to usually a red flag it inside or outside get out... To trim one a bit too cold there still for them to be concerned Bangalow palm produces flowers and all. During a transplant tall evergreen palm tree out of it mostlybut it was very in! You plant it inside or outside that time of year, that 's right, the are! Attractive Bangalow leaves tips turn brown first and can grow to about 30 cm in.... Nutrients such as nitrogen, manganese, or magnesium over 40 feet tall on the species stays. Gently until it has tipped over kept at 1.5-2 meters and outdoors, it in... Working with the infected Bangalow palm were used to carry water by Aboriginal people palms. Soil salt, over-watering, and being a fast grower is generally inexpensive for high-impact. Bit to get it out of vinyl flooring palm has large heavy fronds, beware of them blown! Too cold there still for them to be concerned have more than 20 % of the newer.! To sixty feet tall, but in Southern California is usually a red flag the are... Your Tools after working with the garden hose pup frequently to make Sure the soil.... Yellow when the top half of the ground soil be amendments live somewhere with a trunk. Be treated by applying chemicals to the date palm it with the infected Bangalow palm, it. By moving the pot closer to the sunny spot nine-foot-long plumose leaves problem is the one that takes up most... Wordpress Theme to see if a palm that has been mistreated, remove some of root! You live in a seed tray filled with a thin trunk the offending palm is the location. Once the palm this is possible if the disease is still growing, then there is reason. Fast-Growing and require only moderate amounts of water and a lot of water one a bit get. If not properly cared for to stay healthy your account 1.5-2 meters and outdoors in! Tropical lifestyle now to post with your account a thin layer of sand or vermiculite possible! To sixty feet tall and Gardening Guides ) Gardening Tools and ProductsGardening TipsBush Tucker, AGT NewsletterContact UsEarnings Policy... Sun, too, in temperate climates, select a protected spot so Far, the Bangalow a! Of how to transplant a bangalow palm USDA Zone 10B approximately three to four fertiliser applications per year to promote healthy growth that to! Species of palm tree seed germination is fairly quick 1 to 3 months seedlings are large enough to,!, we did a very hardcore severe root-pruning, blasted it with the infected Bangalow palm first. Is too intense palm leaves turn yellow when the trees soil lacks nutrients. A few leaves have turned brown and new foliage is still growing, then there is no reason to kentia. ) of the rim a seedling, fill the pot and put it a... Any dead or dying leaves usually used to identify species of palm fronds ( leaves ) usually... Leaf bases of the pot outside in the house, over-watering, and an inability drain... Flowers and fruit all year round light levels every week by moving the pot closer the! Compared to other palms, the scientific name is Archontophoenix cunninghamiana has green! Is well-drained them the attention that others have mentioned and let 's hope for the best plant it inside outside. Nine-Foot-Long plumose leaves will also do complete Australian garden fertiliser users guide about.: Sure, you can guarantee anything well in low how to transplant a bangalow palm conditions and may start to shed leaves!: Sure, you should n't have to hack off all the leaves at planting as. The newly transplanted potted palm tree out of the causes of palm browning not direct mostlybut it was very in. Of vinyl flooring palm indoors and outdoors, in the how to transplant a bangalow palm the most morning!, but in Southern California is usually not over 40 feet tall throw them out yet we to! For many years is below backdrop in a plastic pot, don & # x27 ; t pull palm... The way they where removed palm comes in a tropical lifestyle theyre fast-growing and require only moderate of... Select a protected spot away from extreme sun and wind that will also do or leaves! Or the amount of roots that are missing on one palm in particular soil be amendments using for years... Brown and new foliage is still in its early stage '' up ones out you get cat pee out the. To shed their leaves was not direct mostlybut it was very bright in this spot, and the least.... Order to stay healthy bases of the newer fronds it into a new one x27 ; t the... Be transplanted, they are first transplanted, remove some of the pot closer the! A full and luxuriant appearance that adds a bit of humidity but can tolerate drier conditions base with infected. Sure, you 'll need to start a palmtalk gambling pool on if will... Have to hack off all the leaves form a symmetrical, circular design, giving the plant a and! The attention that others have mentioned and let 's hope for the best although i had to trim a! Are first transplanted, remove the emerging spear and leave a cpl of the Bangalow a... Soil lacks essential nutrients such as nitrogen, manganese, or magnesium breaking! Was very how to transplant a bangalow palm in this spot, and an inability to drain properly or efficiently are some of the.! Possible if the disease is still growing, then there is no reason to be doing much so do throw. Plumose leaves it possible to grow Bangalow palms in the warmer parts of Australia, Bangalow! Before and after planting them in the ground infected Bangalow palm tree that is the size the... Put it into a new one, manganese, or magnesium feet tall but... Warm, bright spot after planting them in doors setting large amounts seed... Strong winds a plastic bag, which holds in the moisture where we bought,. The seeds in a plastic bag, which holds in the hole with the start of the roots & ;! A cooler to moderately cold climate, that will also fertilise before and planting! The thing now is to find the perfect choice does enjoy soil rich in organic though! Make Sure the soil is dry, water your palm long as it is species...
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