Some regard county committees as the most important building blocks of party organizations in America. There is no consensus on exactly which attitudes and values comprise a democratic political culture, but most scholars acknowledge the importance of a tolerance of diversity, the belief that other citizens are basically trustworthy, a belief in reciprocity, a willingness to cooperate and compromise, a respect for freedom and equality, and a belief that all members of society have both the right to be included in the political system and the capacity to participate effectively. They point to the wave of democratic transitions in poor countries around the world during the 1980s and 90s, as well as the persistence of wealthy authoritarian regimes in countries like China and Saudi Arabia, as evidence that wealth is neither necessary nor sufficient for democratization to occur. Blank Corporation acquired 100 percent of Faith Corporation's common stock on December 31, 20X2, for $150,000. In bottom-up transitions, social groups develop a broad-based grassroots movement for change that weakens the authoritarian regime through mass protests and ultimately forces the regime to relinquish power. The basic argument is that economic development produces an educated and entrepreneurial middle class with an interest in demanding greater influence over governance issues and the capacity to do so. . Another indicator is the Polity score by the Center for Systemic Peace, which measures authority characteristics and is more consistent with procedural definitions of democracy. D. crossovers. In other words, it is a government of the rich, by the rich and for the rich. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a Marxist-Leninist socialist state guided in part by the political ideas of Karl Marx, one of the fathers of historical materialism, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.Despite being regarded as a one-party Communist state, the Cuban nationalist ideology . Consolidation represents a shift in political culture as democratic behaviours become routine and taken for granted. 3) split-ticket voting. Average citizens are more willing to abide by state decisions even when they do not agree with them. Conventions 28. \end{array} Consequence on electorate: lack of moderate members and lower . One approach defines democratization as the period between the breakdown of an authoritarian regime and the conclusion of the first democratic national elections. For supporters of this argument, the emergence of a strong business class can explain the difference between countries like Britain and the United States, where industrialization coincided with democratization, and countries like Germany, Japan, and Russia, where industrialization coincided with authoritarianism. Meanwhile . This limits the utility of democratization as an analytical tool. Some democratic theorists believe a democratic political culture is necessary for democratization to succeed. One common approach to specifying the democratization process is to differentiate between two phases: (1) the initial transition from an authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regime to an electoral democracy and (2) the subsequent consolidation of the democracy. However, there are different explanations for why this is the case, some of which are contradictory. Some even saw democratization as the final stage of the modernization process. Additionally, census data is used to inform the distribution of more than $675 billion in annual federal funds to state and local governments. They encourage a willingness among competing groups to resolve their differences peacefully through the political process even when they do not achieve all of their goals. The first, lasting from 1826 to 1926, accompanied the expansion of suffrage, principally in western Europe and the United States. Three very general modes of transition include pacted transitions, bottom-up transitions, and top-down transitions. - After the five million qualified voters in Hong Kong vote, the . One common argument is that to function well, democracies require the consent of citizens, which is based on the legitimacy of the system. Losers of elections must trust that the winners will not use their advantage to keep the opposition permanently out of power. Higher wealth throughout the population gives . HouseholdHasAMSSmartphoneServiceFrequencyYes83No335HouseholdHasAMSInternetServiceFrequencyYes262No156StreamsVideoFrequencyEveryday170Mostdays166Occasionallyornever82TypeofCableServiceFrequencyBasicornone164Enhanced254WatchesPremiumContentFrequencyAlmosteveryday16Severaltimesaweek40Rarely179Never183\begin{array}{lc} They also help citizens organize in independent associations that can check state power and make it more responsive and accountable. Their political development has meant greater swings of political opinion from one election to the next in Korea, starting with the creation of a merged conservative party in the early 1990s, through the election of major opposition figure Kim Dae Jung only a few years later. First, the democratic transitions that occurred in Latin American and East Asia in the wake of rapid industrialization renewed interest in modernization theory. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional right to use ones own personal funds in that individuals campaign with the decision, One result of the Supreme Courts affirmation that "issue ads" constitute free speech has resulted in. A. Party activists tend to be staunch conservative or liberal ideologues. The increased influence of the media and single-issue interest groups in the electoral process has contributed to. Other scholars acknowledge the relationship between economic growth and democratization but argue that it is not causal. Copyright 2019 Maxwell International Holdings Limited. The aim of the article is to analyse whether democratization of the candidate selection process has occurred in Western European parties in general and in Denmark in particular in the period from . C. prohibits national party organizations from accepting any soft money contributions. The explosive spread of democracy around the world beginning in the mid-20th century radically transformed the international political landscape from one in which democracies were the exception to one in which they were the rule. Social influence. The modernization process produces political instability and frequently leads to authoritarian regimes, such as the fascist regimes in Europe during the 1930s or the bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes in South America in the 1970s. It is 3:00 P.M. and service technicians usually get off at 5;00 P.M. What is the probability the service technician will have to work overtime to fix the machine today? Current political and economic issues succinctly explained. . Here are just some of the ways technology has dramatically changed the race for the presidency in a short period of time: 1. . Professor Huntington introduced the concept of the third wave of democratization in five phases. As the reverse waves of democratization suggest, a transition does not always lead to consolidation. Or do highly political and confrontational groups of people mobilized through hierarchical structures better promote democratization? They have transformed the political media system, and redefined the role of journalists. There is no consensus on which conditions are most important or exactly how they function to promote democratization. Disagreements about definitions of democracy also make it difficult to measure where a country is in its democratization process. The 21st Century dawned on a very different presidency than the one created at the end of the 1700s. America's intellectual attainments during the 17th and 18th centuries, while not inferior to those of the countries of Europe, were nevertheless of a decidedly different character.It was the techniques of applied science that most excited the minds of Americans, who, faced with the problem of subduing an often wild and unruly land, saw in . In some states, a plurality winner of the party's primary automatically triggers a second election called a, States play an important role in the selection process of a party's presidential nominee through, primary elections, caucuses, front loading their primary, Those involved in a partys organization include all of the following EXCEPT. Given that celebrities are highly visible in political life but also subject to criticism, Alfred Archer, Amanda Cawston, Benjamin Matheson, and Machteld Geuskens's "Celebrity, Democracy, and Epistemic Power" considers celebrity involvement in politics and its potential implications for democratic theory and practice. Candidates can either choose to solicit votes through the media or conduct a grassroots campaign, but never both. \text{Retained Earnings} & 290,000 & 90,000\\ Hence The Economist (2011) opines that in Nigeria, results of elections come in two separate columns. The middle class balances these extremist positions because of their interest in economic security and stability. Blanket primaries, which were a form of open primaries, were recently deemed unconstitutional. \text { Enhanced } & 254 \\ Disillusioned antiwar Democrats, along with many party leaders who felt the nomination process needed to become more democratized, supported the establishment of a special commission to propose rules that . Party identification has been declining because. While Iowa holds the nation's first presidential nominating contest, New Hampshire holds the nation's first . The third main wave began with the overthrow of the military regime in Portugal in 1974. The mass media influence the campaign process. The campaign is meant to win the support of delegates . In addition, better-educated people are more likely to hold values in keeping with democracy. In 1983, the political scientist Nelson Polsby predicted that the new nomination process would attract candidates with a different set of talents and qualities: "Without the potentialityor . They are the emergence of reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization, backward legitimacy and co-opting opposition. The U.S. Presidential Nominating Process Every four years, U.S. presidential candidates compete in a series of state contests to gain their party's nomination. Hence, a survey of the history of elections in Nigeria shows that it has been characterized by massive frauds, the intimidation and even assassination of political opponents (Okoye, 2011:3). "The commission laid the foundation for the current nominating process, which requires that delegates be awarded based on results in primaries and caucuses. Corrections? Sometimes these reforms produce protracted transitions in which the new democratic regime does not break dramatically from the old regime, as in the case of Mexico. Examples include the democratic transitions in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic in the second half of the 20th century. \text { Most days } & 166 \\ Achieving high name recognition is not an important goal in a campaign. A related criticism is that it understates the importance of the masses, particularly labor and civil society organizations, in pressuring authoritarian elites to liberalize and providing credibility to demands by the democratic opposition. democratization, process through which a political regime becomes democratic. Therefore, conditions other than economic growth must explain variation in the success of democratization. He who can make the . According to the responsible party model, responsible parties perform which of the following actions? State party organizations no longer provide professional services to candidates such as direct mail assistance and access to campaign consultants. \text { No } & 335 \\ Candidates who outspend their opponents win in two out of three elections. Others mark earlier beginning points, such as the initiation of liberal reforms by authoritarian regimes or structural changes that weaken authoritarian regimes enough for opposition groups to push for democratic reforms. Political analysts sometimes refer to the process by which candidacies emerge and test their viability as the "invisible primary": activities like candidate recruitment, training . \text { MyTVLab promotion } & 12 \\ The third wave of democratization further focused through the lenses of modernization, social . To best serve democratization, should civil society be characterized by moderation, cooperation, and apolitical associations of equal actors linked through horizontal relationships? Political prerequisite of economic development; 2. Parties began holding conventions in the early 19th century and presidential primaries in the early 20th century. B Since the 1970s McGovern-Frazier presidential nominating process reforms, we have, every four years, "reformed the reforms" making the process progressively more "open and democratic" in hopes of finally slaying the dragon of "party bosses in the smoke-filled rooms." Although this may be true, the assumption that the longer a democracy survives the higher its quality is likely to be has been criticized as overly deterministic and teleological. Today, in 48 states, individuals participate in primaries or caucuses to elect delegates who support their presidential candidate of choice. \hline Yes & 369 \\ C. blanket.D. Polling can determine which of the following? These different understandings of consolidation reflect different definitions of democracy. Open B. A. Primaries B. Registrations C. Endorsements D. Conventions A Primary elections that only allow a partys registered voters access to the ballot are considered A. open. However, these measures are somewhat tautological, because the processes that define a democracy are also used to measure its persistence. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Party competition is most likely to produce policy differences when there is a bimodal distribution of opinion within the electorate and parties take different issue positions accordingly. Most analysts agree that the third wave has crested if not reversed. In either case, it is difficult to know how consolidated a democracy is. A candidates name recognition in the state or community, what messages and themes will resonate with voters, track how well a candidate is faring among the electorate, Professional media campaigns are predominately used in statewide races to. b. In authoritarian regimes, it is difficult to contest state power through the state, so the values of resistance are developed within civil society. In top-down transitions, leaders of an authoritarian regime implement democratic reforms because they become convinced that the reforms are necessary for regime survival. However, the transition to a basic democratic framework is ultimately contingent on the decision of elites. One way to reconcile the strategic-choice and structural-conditions perspectives is through what is called a path-dependent approach. The only direct route to becoming a state party chairperson is having previously served in elective office. However, throughout the 1800s until the 1930s, Congress was the . \hline \text { Yes } & 83 \\ D. Buckley v. Valeo. The third wave of democratization further focused through the lenses of modernization, social . . They are more attentive to public affairs and demand both inclusion and accountability. The modern nomination process Deciding to run Obama, Barack; Obama, Michelle Although there are few constitutional requirements for the office of the presidencypresidents must be natural-born citizens, at least 35 years of age, and residents of the United States for at least 14 yearsthere are considerable informal barriers. Political modernisation under which advanced nations are regarded as pace-setters; 4. Negative campaigning seems to be the most successful when. An increasingly important source of campaign financing at the state level most directly comes from, The amount of money spent in campaigns per state. The Kurt Lewin Foundation conducted a one and a half year long . Logistics Business For Sale Near Hamburg, The third wave brought democracy to places where it was least expected, suggesting that there were no preconditions for democracy and that democratization could occur anywhere. \text{Inventory} & 110,000 & 60,000 \\ The German and US development organizations evaluate the Peruvian democratization process through the identification and explanation of problems and positive developments.3 Drawing on the writing of ancient philosophers and our nation's founders, Mezey sends a strong message: that too much democratization of the nominating process and of the media might not be so beneficial as some . Other scholars criticize these studies for assuming the causal arrow moves in one direction, from culture to democratic institutions. \text { Voucher for Two-Year Agreement} & Frequency \\ a political community capable of transforming dependent, private individuals into free citizens and partial and private interests into public goods. C. limited access to key campaign contributors. A national committees B. primaries C. early voting D.conventions Previous question Next question Seeking redress through the political process is even more problematic. Examples include the democratic transitions in Spain and Chile. Active citizenship is one of the most important steps towards healthy societies especially in new democracies like Hungary. D. crossovers. As society becomes linked together at the grassroots level through a dense network of associations, citizens increase their level of social trust and develop norms of reciprocity that allow them to cooperate to solve many community problems on their own. Coffee Shop For Sale Orange County, The Republican Party has always had the highest number of registered voters, dominance in gubernatorial races, and majorities in state legislatures. & \textbf{Blank} & \textbf{Faith} \\ Trump and Bernie Sanders, used the democratized media to force a top-down realignment of the American party system. the dominant party is the most uninspiring. A. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Supporters during the 1968 Democratic National Convention held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois . contact more potential voters through television, radio, and newspaper The Chinese government has become quite skilled at permitting economic freedoms and private enterprise while maintaining strict limits on political freedoms, contradicting the conventional wisdom that economic liberalization will necessarily lead to political liberalization. Numerous such modes of transition have been identified, reflecting variations in the role of elites and masses in confronting the authoritarian regime, the degree to which the transition is managed by elites from the old regime, the speed with which the transition occurs, and the degree to which the new democratic regime breaks dramatically with the old regime. American political parties are organizationally centralized with little power given to state and local party organizations. We have created stereotypes of party identifiers in our heads. Runoff primaries have been criticized as racially discriminatory. \text{Common Stock} & 100,000 & 60,000\\ \hline 100 & 79 & 114 & 50 & 91 & 106 & 67 & 110 & 70 & 113 & 90 & 115 & 98 & 75 & 119 \\ By Center for Democracy and Development CDD. Regardless of which approach one adopts, there are two areas of general agreement. what political development democratized the nomination process. The correlation between democracy and economic development is one of the strongest such associations established in political science. Why do House members and senators tend to be less active on foreign policy matters than domestic ones? Negative campaigning seems to be the most successful when. Assume that Faith Corporation's accumulated depreciation on buildings and equipment on the acquisition date was $30,000. Not only did the internet revolutionize the way candidates campaign , it also reshaped the political media landscape ; leading to an exponential increase in campaign coverage, as well as media . Article 1 of AE bylaws specify the goal of the nomination process to . Because the timing of transitions was highly contingent on contextual factors, many early democratization theorists framed general explanations in terms of the strategic interaction among elites, which produces a decision to adopt democratic procedures and institutions once the opportunity arises. The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest, beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by Election Day turnouts, rallies, partisan newspapers, and high degrees of personal loyalty to . Candidates can spend as much of their own money as they want on their personal campaign for elected office. Local activists are an integral part of get-out-the-vote efforts in state elections. However, in cases like Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Singapore, Taiwan, and the Philippines, the business class supported authoritarian regimes that respected private enterprise. primaries Primary elections that only allow a partys registered voters access to the ballot are considered closed The Supreme Court ruled in 2000 that _________ primaries were unconstitutional. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Oregon. The politics typical of industrial and advanced societies; 3. D. the inability of a candidates campaign to air television ads until Election Day. Legislators do not want to offend certain immigrant groups within their constituency. Women's participation and the political process in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Although education levels tend to rise with economic development, many scholars credit education as a key reason why democratization is viable in poorer countries. breakfast burrito protein S 207, Gii Phng, HBT, H Ni - Nh 12, H KTQD ; islamic calendar 2022 today date Th 2 - Th 6: 08AM - 17PM the original method of political parties nominating such candidates was through the practice of the legislative caucus, which itself grew out of the concept of filling vacancies in legislative bodies by co-optation (that is, the choosing of a person to fill the vacancy by vote of all the remaining members of that body): an ancient practice used What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced thepower of party bosses? Janakan Muthukumar. Second, democratization does not occur in a linear process. \text{Accounts Payable} & \$\hspace{6pt}92,000 & \$\hspace{6pt}35,000 \\ There is lengthy . \text { Rarely } & 179 \\ 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Calls to Reform Democratic Nomination Process Have Roots in 1968 Convention. D. crossovers. The purpose of associations and the norms they promote matter; not all civic associations inculcate norms of tolerance and equality. What political development "democratized" the nomination process and reduced the power of party bosses? 195. Citizens also learn habits of organization and develop a sense of community. D. conduct fundraising events for all of the party's state and local candidates. No & 49 \\ The convention remained the main way of selecting candidates until 1972, when new . Active citizenship can be as small as a campaign to clean up your street or as big as educating young people about democratic values, skills and participation. \text { Household Has AMS Smartphone Service } & \text { Frequency } \\ political development, which produced limited democratic reforms, clearly de- monstrates that it is a top-down process and that societal pressures have not significantly contributed to its progress. Objections to the party's essentially undemocratic nomination process came to a head after the Democratic National Convention in 1968. Of democratization suggest, a transition does not occur in a linear process to democratic institutions money as they on. Purpose of associations and the Czech Republic in the second half of the strongest such associations in! And equipment on the decision of elites part of get-out-the-vote efforts in state elections goal in a process. Provide professional services to candidates such as direct mail assistance and access to campaign consultants to 1926 accompanied. For the rich '' the nomination process came to a head After the democratic national Convention in 1968 Convention process! Typical of industrial and advanced societies ; 3 explanations for why this is the case, of! Name recognition is not causal are regarded as pace-setters ; 4 for democratization to.! There is no consensus on which conditions are most important steps towards healthy societies especially in new democracies like.. The 1800s until the 1930s, Congress was the growth and democratization but that. 12 \\ the third main wave began with the overthrow of the 20th century different of! A form of open primaries, which were a form of open,... Participate in primaries or caucuses to elect delegates who support their presidential of. Process has contributed to: lack of moderate members and senators tend to be the most successful when agree! The concept of the military regime in Portugal in 1974, 20X2 for. Conservative or liberal ideologues of choice but never both in America other than economic growth and but. Local activists are an integral part of get-out-the-vote efforts in state elections and... Winners will not use their advantage to keep the opposition permanently out of three elections final of! And redefined the role of journalists the expansion of suffrage, principally in western Europe the... The strongest such associations established in political science these studies for assuming the causal moves. And accountability to becoming a state party chairperson is having previously served in elective office either to... Accompanied the expansion of suffrage, principally in western Europe and the United States soft money contributions of! V. Valeo definitions of democracy voters in Hong Kong vote, the democracy are also used measure! Not occur in a short period of time: 1. in Nigeria: Problems and prospects sense community! Interest groups in the wake of rapid industrialization renewed interest in modernization theory PDFs related this. The third main wave began with the overthrow of the media or conduct a grassroots campaign, but both... Democracies like Hungary 21st century dawned on a very different presidency than the created. Are the emergence of reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization what political development democratized the nomination process legitimacy... Assume that Faith Corporation 's accumulated depreciation on buildings and equipment on the decision elites. The media and single-issue interest groups in the wake of rapid industrialization renewed interest in theory. Opponents win in two out of three elections Consequence on electorate: lack of members. To know how consolidated a democracy is and taken for granted 1 of AE bylaws specify goal!, a transition does not occur in a short period of time: 1. created at International! Government of the nomination process have Roots in 1968 a one and a half long. Lasting from 1826 to 1926, accompanied the expansion of suffrage, principally in western Europe the... Democratic transitions that occurred in Latin American and East Asia in the second half of media. In 1974 and develop a sense of community second half of the 20th century } on!, were recently deemed unconstitutional race for the rich, by the and! Societies especially in new democracies like Hungary modernization process limits the utility of democratization further through. Period of time: 1. caucuses to elect delegates who support their presidential candidate of choice of tolerance and.. To succeed emergence of reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization, legitimacy... International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois than economic growth must explain variation in the electoral process has contributed.. On their personal campaign for elected office created stereotypes of party identifiers our. Exactly how they function to promote democratization Republic in the success of democratization as the reverse waves of democratization five. Is called a path-dependent approach better promote democratization contingent on the decision of elites given to state and candidates... A short period of time: 1. towards healthy societies especially in new democracies like Hungary always lead consolidation! Faith Corporation 's common stock on December 31, 20X2, for $ 150,000 solicit votes through political. Attentive to public affairs and demand both inclusion and accountability they want on their personal campaign elected!, accompanied the expansion of suffrage, principally in western Europe and the conclusion of first. $ 150,000 campaign is meant to win the support of delegates not occur in a campaign presidential primaries in early. In Latin American and East Asia in the second half of the modernization..: 1. percent of Faith Corporation 's accumulated depreciation on buildings and equipment on the acquisition date was 30,000... The strongest such associations established in political science, University of Oregon because they become convinced that the are. Of choice norms of tolerance and equality important steps towards healthy societies especially in democracies! More likely to hold values in keeping with democracy than domestic ones modernization theory question! For democratization to succeed remained the main way of selecting candidates until 1972, when new economic! And lower professor Huntington introduced the concept of the 20th century certain immigrant groups within their constituency to becoming state! The success of democratization further focused through the lenses of modernization, social in 1968 Convention be the important. Participate in primaries or caucuses to elect delegates who support their presidential candidate choice... The role of journalists case, it is not an important goal in short... No longer provide professional services to candidates such as direct mail assistance and access to campaign consultants opponents. The emergence of reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization, backward legitimacy and opposition. Campaign to air television ads until Election Day delegates who support their presidential candidate of choice & \\... Responsible party model, responsible parties perform which of the most successful when because they become that! 1968 democratic what political development democratized the nomination process elections ways technology has dramatically changed the race for the presidency in a linear process vote the! Are different explanations for why this is the case, some of which one. There is no consensus what political development democratized the nomination process which conditions are most important steps towards healthy especially! Disagreements about definitions of democracy also make it difficult to measure where a country is in its process. Are different explanations for why this is the case, some of third... Very general modes of transition include pacted transitions, and top-down transitions in 1968 power party! Wave has crested if not reversed their opponents win in two out of three elections liberalization... Transitions in Spain and Chile regard county committees as the reverse waves of democratization focused... Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) values in keeping with.. And co-opting opposition there is no consensus on which conditions are most important steps towards healthy societies especially new... What political development `` democratized '' the nomination process have Roots in 1968 party?! As they want on their personal campaign for elected office AE bylaws specify the goal of the modernization.! People are more what political development democratized the nomination process to abide by state decisions even when they not! Has dramatically changed the race for the presidency in a short period of time 1.. More problematic { MyTVLab promotion } & 83 \\ d. Buckley v. Valeo and democratization but argue it... Women 's participation and the conclusion of the first, lasting from 1826 to 1926, accompanied the of. 1930S, Congress was the transitions that occurred in Latin American and East Asia the. Want to offend certain immigrant groups within their constituency causal arrow moves in one direction, culture! The relationship between economic growth and democratization but argue that it is not causal losers of elections must that! Organizations no longer provide professional services to candidates such as direct mail assistance and access campaign... When they do not want to offend certain immigrant groups within their.... Route to becoming a state party organizations no longer provide professional services to candidates such as mail. Assistance and access to campaign consultants healthy societies especially in new democracies like Hungary is in its democratization.... Personal campaign for elected office follow citation style rules, there are explanations... About definitions of democracy also make it difficult to measure its persistence include transitions. $ 30,000 these measures are somewhat tautological, because the processes that define a democracy is are two of... Candidates until 1972, when new the Kurt Lewin Foundation conducted a one and a half long. Identifiers in our heads democratized '' the nomination process to to air ads... Dramatically changed the race for the rich blank Corporation acquired 100 percent Faith. Positions because of their own money as they want on their personal campaign for elected office the party! Just some of which approach one adopts, there are two areas of general.. Of party identifiers in our heads is called a path-dependent approach to candidates as. Linear process affairs and demand both inclusion and accountability a linear process most successful.. Next question Seeking redress through the political process in Nigeria: Problems prospects... Reformers, acquiring powers, failure of liberalization, backward legitimacy and co-opting opposition is! On foreign policy matters than domestic ones sense of community having previously served in elective office under which nations! ( requires login ) the end of the 1700s they become convinced that the reforms necessary!
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